Isolated and backward Westerwolde (Groningen, the Netherlands)? A confrontation of archaeological and historical data from the Middle Ages in a wider geographical context

The aim of this paper is to question the supposed isolated and backward position region Westerwolde, in north-eastern part Netherlands. Westerwolde’s geographically rather has traditionally been brought forward explain its image. Progressive peat growth ever since Bronze Age occupation had transformed Westerwolde into an island. It was abandoned Late Iron Age, only be recolonized early Middle Ages. During 19th century, romantics were still admiring arcadian scenery cultural traditions. In contrast, from mid-19th century until well 20th protagonists modern agriculture criticized farming methods standard living, as poor infrastructure. central issues we address here whether critics justified describing it concrete indications for assumed backwardness are found previous centuries. To jump medieval times too big a leap, but combining archaeological ecological data with renewed more critical study written sources against background huge landscape transformations nuanced understanding how evolved. We present new insights period starting conquest Frisia Saxony by Carolingians introduction Christianity, when missionaries newly founded monasteries acquired agricultural assets rights conquered region, up late therefore analyze church foundations, livelihoods or economic conditions existence connection structures, infrastructure exchange consumer goods interdisciplinarily. Conservatism appears easily confused backwardness, aversion innovation, indifference, underlying external factors often forced inhabitants adopt wait-and-see attitude. viewed continuously adjacent regions Drenthe Lower Saxon Emsland.